Table 3 Contribution of HIV/AIDS risk factors to gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS prevalence by country; decomposition analysis using latest available DHS, 2003 to 2011
Ghanaa 2003 | Uganda 2011 | Congo Brazzavilleb 2009 | Côte d’Ivoirea 2005 | Ethiopiaa 2011 | Rwanda 2010 | Zambiaa 2007 | Zimbabwe 2010/11 | Mozambiquec 2009 | Cameroon 2011 | Guineaa 2005 | Malawi 2010 | Swazilanda 2006/07 | Liberia 2007 | D.R. Congod 2007 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absolute contributione to gender inequalities in HIV/AIDS prevalence (p-value) | |||||||||||||||
Gender Difference in HIV/AIDS Prevalence (%) | 1.08 | 2.1 | 2.07 | 3.1 | 0.88 | 1.3 | 3.8 | 5.05 | 3.63 | 2.69 | 0.79 | 4.5 | 11.45 | 0.68 | 0.7 |
The composition effect hg | 0.99 (0.000) | 1.76 (0.000) | −0.32 (0.478) | 0.5 (0.514) | 0.12 (0.698) | 0.24 (0.524) | 0.53 (0.480) | 0.89 (0.188) | 0.67 (0.583) | 1.19 (0.001) | −1.39 (0.05) | 2.20 (0.00) | 2.14 (0.015) | −0.76 (0.314) | −0.07 (0.852) |
Socio-economic and demographic characteristics | 0.160 | 1.870 | −0.320 | 0.750 | 0.160 | −1.500 | −2.44 | 0.830 | 0.660 | 0.720 | 0.040 | 1.920 | 0.440 | 0.030 | 0.110 |
Residence | 0.000 | 0.040 | 0.000 | −0.020 | 0.020 | 0.040 | 0.38 | 0.080 | −0.360 | 0.020 | −0.400 | −0.120 | −0.040 | 0.000 | −0.040 |
Urban | 0 (0.86) | 0.02 (0.031) | 0 (0.924) | −0.01 (0.391) | 0.01 (0.604) | 0.02 (0.831) | 0.18 (0.943) | 0.04 (0.013) | −0.18 (0.126) | 0.01 (0.07) | −0.2 (0.026) | −0.06 (0.000) | −0.02 (0.018) | 0 (0.799) | −0.02 (0.936) |
Rural | 0 (0.86) | 0.02 (0.031) | 0 (0.924) | −0.01 (0.391) | 0.01 (0.604) | 0.02 (0.831) | 0.20 (0.943) | 0.04 (0.013) | −0.18 (0.126) | 0.01 (0.07) | −0.2 (0.026) | −0.06 (0.000) | −0.02 (0.018) | 0 (0.799) | −0.02 (0.936) |
Sex of household head | 0.080 | 0.580 | 0.060 | −0.040 | 0.040 | −1.060 | −0.78 | 0.300 | 2.020 | 0.340 | 0.140 | 0.740 | −0.160 | −0.020 | −0.020 |
Male | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.29 (0.000) | 0.03 (0.539) | −0.02 (0.538) | 0.02 (0.654) | −0.53 (0.833) | −0.33 (0.943) | 0.15 (0.168) | 1.01 (0.122) | 0.17 (0.007) | 0.07 (0.065) | 0.37 (0.004) | −0.08 (0.115) | −0.01 (0.474) | −0.01 (0.931) |
Female | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.29 (0.000) | 0.03 (0.539) | −0.02 (0.538) | 0.02 (0.654) | −0.53 (0.833) | −0.39 (0.943) | 0.15 (0.168) | 1.01 (0.122) | 0.17 (0.007) | 0.07 (0.065) | 0.37 (0.004) | −0.08 (0.115) | −0.01 (0.474) | −0.01 (0.931) |
Age group | 0.040 | 0.110 | −0.130 | −0.120 | −0.010 | −0.020 | 0.14 | 0.490 | 0.370 | −0.010 | −0.080 | −0.180 | 0.470 | −0.010 | 0.140 |
15–19 | 0.02 (0.059) | 0.06 (0.001) | −0.03 (0.176) | −0.07 (0.297) | −0.02 (0.619) | −0.05 (0.825) | 0.15 (0.943) | 0.42 (0.000) | 0.06 (0.316) | −0.01 (0.054) | 0.01 (0.138) | 0.27 (0.006) | 0.45 (0.002) | 0 (0.988) | −0.01 (0.934) |
20–29 | 0.01 (0.409) | 0.06 (0.026) | 0.01 (0.738) | 0 (0.985) | 0.01 (0.644) | 0.01 (0.894) | −0.11 (0.943) | 0.01 (0.651) | 0.2 (0.119) | 0 (0.91) | −0.04 (0.506) | −0.28 (0.006) | 0.01 (0.001) | 0 (0.566) | 0 (0.946) |
30–39 | 0.02 (0.007) | −0.02 (0.000) | −0.08 (0.183) | −0.03 (0.288) | 0.01 (0.616) | −0.17 (0.828) | 0.12 (0.943) | 0.18 (0.000) | 0.01 (0.215) | 0.05 (0.009) | 0.14 (0.089) | 0.04 (0.000) | 0.13 (0.002) | −0.01 (0.73) | −0.01 (0.934) |
40 + | −0.01 (0.65) | 0.01 (0.801) | −0.03 (0.208) | −0.02 (0.313) | −0.01 (0.64) | 0.19 (0.819) | −0.02 (0.951) | −0.12 (0.002) | 0.1 (0.106) | −0.05 (0.515) | −0.19 (0.202) | −0.21 (0.006) | −0.12 (0.008) | 0 (0.9) | 0.16 (0.935) |
Education level | −0.030 | 0.330 | −0.040 | 0.030 | −0.040 | 0.030 | 0.12 | −0.100 | −1.050 | −0.210 | −0.980 | −0.360 | −0.030 | 0.070 | −0.090 |
None | −0.02 (0.14) | 0.08 (0.182) | −0.01 (0.763) | −0.01 (0.931) | −0.03 (0.599) | 0.01 (0.863) | 0.17 (0.943) | −0.06 (0.029) | −0.7 (0.308) | −0.18 (0.148) | −0.58 (0.071) | −0.12 (0.333) | 0.01 (0.103) | 0.04 (0.577) | 0.2 (0.935) |
Primary | 0 (0.24) | 0.02 (0.011) | 0 (0.983) | 0 (0.548) | −0.01 (0.633) | 0 (0.876) | −0.20 (0.943) | 0.12 (0.053) | −0.17 (0.382) | 0 (0.054) | −0.02 (0.648) | −0.01 (0.352) | −0.01 (0.123) | 0 (0.829) | −0.17 (0.934) |
Secondary and above | −0.01 (0.633) | 0.23 (0.005) | −0.03 (0.674) | 0.04 (0.68) | 0 (0.683) | 0.02 (0.848) | 0.15 (0.943) | −0.16 (0.041) | −0.18 (0.548) | −0.03 (0.702) | −0.38 (0.163) | −0.23 (0.111) | −0.03 (0.006) | 0.03 (0.651) | −0.12 (0.932) |
Standard of living | −0.010 | 0.030 | −0.050 | 0.030 | 0.000 | 0.130 | 0.28 | −0.050 | −0.060 | −0.090 | 0.220 | −0.070 | 0.010 | −0.030 | 0.020 |
1st Quintile | 0 (0.816) | 0 (0.061) | −0.02 (0.257) | 0 (0.365) | 0 (0.641) | 0.09 (0.828) | 0.10 (0.943) | 0.02 (0.186) | −0.14 (0.144) | −0.04 (0.003) | 0.04 (0.119) | −0.06 (0.253) | 0.01 (0.354) | −0.02 (0.571) | 0.02 (0.934) |
2nd Quintile | 0 (0.626) | 0.02 (0.071) | 0 (0.52) | −0.01 (0.3) | 0 (0.731) | −0.01 (0.873) | −0.01 (0.943) | 0 (0.67) | 0 (0.368) | −0.01 (0.043) | 0.01 (0.647) | 0 (0.612) | 0 (0.412) | 0 (0.901) | −0.02 (0.936) |
3rd Quintile | 0 (0.814) | 0.01 (0.009) | 0 (0.868) | −0.01 (0.626) | 0 (0.725) | 0 (0.973) | 0.09 (0.943) | 0 (0.64) | 0.05 (0.121) | 0.01 (0.045) | 0 (0.677) | 0.01 (0.69) | 0 (0.687) | 0 (0.88) | 0.01 (0.934) |
4th Quintile | 0 (0.082) | 0 (0.735) | −0.01 (0.3) | 0 (0.406) | 0 (0.642) | 0.03 (0.834) | 0.10 (0.943) | −0.02 (0.472) | 0 (0.157) | −0.04 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.371) | −0.01 (0.104) | 0 (0.356) | −0.01 (0.541) | 0 (0.997) |
5th Quintile | −0.01 (0.144) | 0 (0.41) | −0.02 (0.255) | 0.05 (0.336) | 0 (0.678) | 0.02 (0.846) | 0 (0.952) | −0.05 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.701) | −0.01 (0.051) | 0.16 (0.062) | −0.01 (0.657) | 0 (0.345) | 0 (0.886) | 0.01 (0.936) |
Occupation type | 0.040 | −0.030 | - | 0.930 | 0.080 | 0.160 | −1.00 | −0.370 | −2.200 | 0.110 | 0.360 | −0.160 | −0.070 | 0.150 | 0.360 |
Unemployed | 0 (0.706) | −0.22 (0.031) | - | 0.45 (0.283) | 0.04 (0.661) | −0.11 (0.85) | −0.11 (0.950) | −0.02 (0.919) | - | −0.05 (0.781) | −0.37 (0.019) | −0.45 (0.124) | −0.05 (0.344) | −0.07 (0.619) | 0.02 (0.936) |
Agricultural | 0.03 (0.143) | 0.14 (0.209) | - | −0.74 (0.265) | 0.02 (0.796) | 0.16 (0.822) | −0.97 (0.943) | −0.04 (0.838) | −1.11 (0.213) | −0.01 (0.907) | 0.02 (0.012) | 0.24 (0.001) | −0.09 (0.077) | 0.16 (0.45) | 0.15 (0.935) |
Domestic | - | 0.02 (0.167) | - | - | - | 0 (0.872) | - | 0.03 (0.263) | 0.02 (0.321) | 0.01 (0.634) | - | 0.02 (0.039) | - | 0 (0.534) | - |
Trade | 0 (0.885) | −0.01 (0.79) | - | 1.22 (0.291) | 0.01 (0.705) | −0.01 (0.832) | −1.12 (0.940) | −0.06 (0.487) | −0.03 (0.571) | 0.12 (0.198) | 1.57 (0.006) | 0.03 (0.763) | 0.09 (0.039) | −0.03 (0.585) | - |
Manual labor | 0.02 (0.069) | 0.05 (0.233) | - | −0.33 (0.265) | 0 (0.6) | 0.15 (0.81) | 0.15 (0.943) | −0.32 (0.196) | −1.26 (0.051) | 0 (0.987) | −0.78 (0.015) | 0.1 (0.709) | −0.12 (0.192) | 0.08 (0.51) | −0.03 (0.925) |
Office/service | 0.01 (0.276) | 0.02 (0.57) | - | 0.02 (0.287) | 0 (0.669) | −0.05 (0.835) | 0.08 (0.943) | 0.02 (0.562) | 0.28 (0.162) | −0.04 (0.104) | 0.34 (0.008) | −0.18 (0.006) | 0.01 (0.808) | 0.01 (0.703) | 0.01 (0.955) |
Professional/manager | −0.02 (0.221) | −0.03 (0.665) | - | 0.31 (0.258) | 0.01 (0.61) | 0.02 (0.844) | −0.03 (0.943) | 0.02 (0.57) | −0.1 (0.567) | 0.08 (0.414) | −0.42 (0.023) | 0.08 (0.212) | 0.09 (0.022) | 0 (0.974) | 0.21 (0.935) |
Marital status | 0.040 | 0.810 | −0.160 | −0.060 | 0.070 | −0.780 | −1.58 | 0.480 | 1.940 | 0.560 | 0.780 | 2.070 | 0.260 | −0.130 | −0.260 |
Never married | 0.03 (0.151) | 0.4 (0.000) | −0.08 (0.438) | 0.03 (0.732) | 0.04 (0.617) | −0.26 (0.829) | −0.90 (0.943) | 0.38 (0.154) | 0.75 (0.219) | 0.54 (0.002) | 0.65 (0.163) | 1.36 (0.000) | 0.33 (0.011) | −0.09 (0.471) | −0.21 (0.934) |
Married | 0 (0.986) | −0.05 (0.013) | −0.12 (0.18) | −0.11 (0.324) | 0 (0.762) | −0.03 (0.832) | 0.17 (0.943) | −0.6 (0.002) | 0.04 (0.423) | −0.16 (0.131) | 0.11 (0.679) | −0.07 (0.643) | −0.23 (0.008) | −0.02 (0.585) | 0.02 (0.936) |
Separated/divorced/widowed | 0.01 (0.065) | 0.46 (0.000) | 0.04 (0.222) | 0.02 (0.324) | 0.03 (0.621) | −0.49 (0.829) | −0.85 (0.943) | 0.7 (0.000) | 1.15 (0.135) | 0.18 (0.000) | 0.02 (0.061) | 0.78 (0.000) | 0.16 (0.002) | −0.02 (0.461) | −0.07 (0.934) |
Sexual behavior factorsf | 0.800 | −0.080 | −0.060 | −0.340 | 0.010 | 2.190 | 2.90 | −0.170 | −0.010 | 0.490 | −1.240 | 0.120 | 1.700 | −0.770 | −0.140 |
Sexual behavior risk | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.120 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 0.100 | 0.000 | −0.400 | 0.020 | −0.040 | −0.020 | 0.120 |
No | 0 (0.406) | 0 (0.255) | 0 (0.599) | 0 (0.876) | 0 (0.612) | 0.06 (0.825) | 0.00 (0.977) | 0 (0.838) | 0.05 (0.448) | 0 (0.001) | −0.2 (0.192) | 0.01 (0.93) | −0.02 (0.163) | −0.01 (0.487) | 0.06 (0.933) |
Yes | 0 (0.406) | 0 (0.255) | 0 (0.599) | 0 (0.876) | 0 (0.612) | 0.06 (0.825) | 0.00 (0.977) | 0 (0.838) | 0.05 (0.448) | 0 (0.001) | −0.2 (0.192) | 0.01 (0.93) | −0.02 (0.163) | −0.01 (0.487) | 0.06 (0.933) |
Premarital sex | −0.040 | −0.360 | 0.040 | −0.240 | −0.020 | 1.440 | 2.85 | −1.320 | −0.040 | −0.240 | −1.320 | −0.460 | 0.160 | 0.040 | 0.240 |
No | −0.02 (0.022) | −0.18 (0.007) | 0.02 (0.543) | −0.12 (0.29) | −0.01 (0.606) | 0.72 (0.821) | 1.43 (0.943) | −0.66 (0.000) | −0.02 (0.948) | −0.12 (0.345) | −0.66 (0.042) | −0.23 (0.345) | 0.08 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.591) | 0.12 (0.936) |
Yes | −0.02 (0.022) | −0.18 (0.007) | 0.02 (0.543) | −0.12 (0.29) | −0.01 (0.606) | 0.72 (0.821) | 1.42 (0.943) | −0.66 (0.000) | −0.02 (0.948) | −0.12 (0.345) | −0.66 (0.042) | −0.23 (0.345) | 0.08 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.591) | 0.12 (0.936) |
Multiple sex partners | 0.020 | −0.360 | −0.020 | 0.000 | −0.020 | 0.200 | −0.06 | −0.200 | −0.440 | 0.200 | −0.160 | −0.280 | −0.080 | 0.100 | −0.540 |
No | 0.01 (0.669) | −0.18 (0.003) | −0.01 (0.87) | 0 (0.88) | −0.01 (0.607) | 0.1 (0.825) | 0.03 (0.942) | −0.1 (0.301) | −0.22 (0.437) | 0.1 (0.385) | −0.08 (0.743) | −0.14 (0.403) | −0.04 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.534) | −0.27 (0.933) |
Yes | 0.01 (0.669) | −0.18 (0.003) | −0.01 (0.87) | 0 (0.88) | −0.01 (0.607) | 0.1 (0.825) | 0.03 (0.942) | −0.1 (0.301) | −0.22 (0.437) | 0.1 (0.385) | −0.08 (0.743) | −0.14 (0.403) | −0.04 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.534) | −0.27 (0.933) |
Age at first sex | 0.820 | 0.640 | −0.080 | −0.100 | 0.050 | 0.430 | −0.01 | 1.350 | 0.370 | 0.530 | 0.640 | 0.840 | 1.660 | −0.890 | 0.040 |
Never had sex | 0.62 (0.000) | 0.13 (0.118) | −0.03 (0.336) | 0.08 (0.317) | 0.03 (0.629) | 0.4 (0.829) | −0.05 (0.943) | 0.73 (0.000) | 0.28 (0.136) | 0.17 (0.052) | 0.12 (0.426) | 0.09 (0.069) | 1.24 (0.004) | −0.74 (0.398) | 0.02 (0.935) |
< 16 years | 0.23 (0.000) | 0.27 (0.002) | −0.01 (0.633) | −0.02 (0.785) | 0.03 (0.678) | 0.18 (0.83) | −0.08 (0.943) | 0.27 (0.000) | 0.5 (0.16) | 0.36 (0.001) | 0.46 (0.341) | 0.07 (0.002) | 0.23 (0.015) | −0.56 (0.395) | 0.06 (0.934) |
16–17 | 0.19 (0.000) | 0.07 (0.089) | −0.03 (0.433) | 0.03 (0.48) | 0 (0.704) | −0.16 (0.83) | −0.22 (0.944) | 0.31 (0.003) | 0.09 (0.128) | 0.07 (0.097) | 0.06 (0.581) | 0.41 (0.038) | 0.27 (0.009) | −0.14 (0.393) | 0.03 (0.936) |
18–19 | 0.06 (0.000) | −0.05 (0.028) | 0.02 (0.293) | −0.07 (0.308) | 0 (0.628) | −0.08 (0.83) | 0.02 (0.943) | 0.07 (0.017) | −0.34 (0.142) | 0 (0.945) | −0.14 (0.294) | 0.03 (0.307) | 0.07 (0.015) | 0.36 (0.403) | 0 (0.944) |
20 + | −0.28 (0.000) | 0.22 (0.058) | −0.03 (0.589) | −0.12 (0.285) | −0.01 (0.776) | 0.09 (0.83) | 0.32 (0.943) | −0.03 (0.823) | −0.16 (0.521) | −0.07 (0.665) | 0.14 (0.79) | 0.24 (0.317) | −0.15 (0.023) | 0.19 (0.413) | −0.07 (0.934) |
HIV⁄AIDS awareness | 0.020 | −0.020 | 0.050 | 0.050 | −0.020 | −0.450 | 0.08 | 0.270 | 0.000 | −0.070 | −0.170 | 0.170 | −0.010 | 0.000 | −0.050 |
Low | 0.01 (0.36) | −0.01 (0.004) | 0.02 (0.736) | 0.03 (0.462) | −0.01 (0.642) | −0.15 (0.83) | 0.04 (0.942) | 0.12 (0.029) | −0.02 (0.474) | −0.09 (0.016) | −0.16 (0.245) | 0.11 (0.003) | 0 (0.809) | 0 (0.846) | −0.01 (0.935) |
Average | 0 (0.178) | 0 (0.809) | 0 (0.85) | 0 (0.917) | 0 (0.715) | −0.02 (0.829) | 0.00 (0.951) | −0.02 (0.564) | 0 (0.241) | 0.02 (0.469) | 0 (0.263) | 0.03 (0.06) | 0 (0.937) | 0 (0.578) | −0.03 (0.934) |
High | 0.01 (0.095) | −0.01 (0.002) | 0.03 (0.621) | 0.02 (0.475) | −0.01 (0.624) | −0.28 (0.828) | 0.04 (0.943) | 0.17 (0.021) | 0.02 (0.423) | 0 (0.001) | −0.01 (0.906) | 0.03 (0.077) | −0.01 (0.745) | 0 (0.591) | −0.01 (0.934) |
The response effect i | 0.09 (0.811) | 0.34 (0.476) | 2.39 (0.000) | 2.6 (0.013) | 0.76 (0.039) | 1.06 (0.028) | 3.27 (0.002) | 4.16 (0.000) | 2.96 (0.051) | 1.5 (0.002) | 2.18 (0.006) | 2.3 (0.006) | 9.31 (0.000) | 1.44 (0.094) | 0.77 (0.106) |
Socio-economic and demographic characteristics | 0.020 | −3.510 | −0.360 | 5.470 | 0.090 | 0.390 | −0.10 | 3.000 | 0.350 | −0.930 | −7.810 | −0.020 | 3.620 | 6.220 | −0.040 |
Residence | 0.000 | −0.100 | −0.120 | 0.110 | −0.120 | 0.060 | −0.20 | −0.180 | 0.260 | 0.010 | −0.280 | 0.030 | −0.060 | −0.170 | −0.020 |
Urban | 0 (0.978) | 0.03 (0.498) | −0.28 (0.432) | −0.84 (0.086) | 0.04 (0.433) | −0.02 (0.708) | 0.63 (0.077) | 0.13 (0.599) | −0.22 (0.437) | 0.06 (0.702) | 0.42 (0.103) | −0.01 (0.909) | 0.04 (0.825) | 0.34 (0.453) | 0.06 (0.646) |
Rural | 0 (0.978) | −0.13 (0.498) | 0.16 (0.432) | 0.95 (0.086) | −0.16 (0.433) | 0.08 (0.708) | −0.83 (0.077) | −0.31 (0.599) | 0.48 (0.437) | −0.05 (0.702) | −0.7 (0.103) | 0.04 (0.909) | −0.1 (0.825) | −0.51 (0.453) | −0.08 (0.646) |
Sex of household head | 0.010 | −0.060 | −0.070 | −0.440 | −0.360 | −0.120 | −0.65 | −0.080 | −1.140 | −0.320 | 0.450 | −0.320 | 0.070 | 1.070 | 0.000 |
Male | 0.01 (0.815) | −0.08 (0.554) | −0.08 (0.909) | −0.51 (0.553) | −0.42 (0.071) | −0.15 (0.599) | −0.75 (0.380) | −0.14 (0.746) | −1.28 (0.183) | −0.38 (0.19) | 0.5 (0.254) | −0.38 (0.464) | 0.16 (0.697) | 1.41 (0.374) | 0 (0.984) |
Female | 0 (0.815) | 0.02 (0.554) | 0.01 (0.909) | 0.07 (0.553) | 0.06 (0.071) | 0.03 (0.599) | 0.09 (0.380) | 0.06 (0.746) | 0.14 (0.183) | 0.06 (0.19) | −0.05 (0.254) | 0.06 (0.464) | −0.09 (0.697) | −0.34 (0.374) | 0 (0.984) |
Age group | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.320 | 0.100 | 0.010 | 0.080 | 0.31 | 0.800 | −0.950 | 0.000 | −0.040 | 0.180 | 2.830 | 0.170 | 0.090 |
15–19 | 0 (0.871) | 0.12 (0.417) | −0.14 (0.655) | 0.17 (0.703) | 0.08 (0.483) | 0.2 (0.303) | −0.07 (0.877) | −0.49 (0.377) | 0.64 (0.117) | 0.44 (0.015) | −0.23 (0.371) | 0.67 (0.046) | 3.59 (0.000) | −0.63 (0.418) | −0.29 (0.063) |
20–29 | −0.01 (0.813) | 0.25 (0.355) | 0.39 (0.159) | 0.02 (0.963) | 0.05 (0.619) | 0.21 (0.249) | 0.88 (0.021) | 1.72 (0.000) | 1.02 (0.092) | 0.06 (0.694) | −0.01 (0.952) | 0.1 (0.679) | 1.32 (0.008) | 0.04 (0.91) | 0.11 (0.193) |
30–39 | 0 (0.821) | −0.1 (0.372) | 0.34 (0.198) | 0.13 (0.714) | −0.03 (0.6) | −0.04 (0.61) | 0.27 (0.400) | 0.32 (0.238) | −1.02 (0.031) | −0.22 (0.018) | 0.35 (0.088) | −0.15 (0.348) | −0.97 (0.000) | 0.37 (0.469) | 0.01 (0.904) |
40 + | 0.01 (0.814) | −0.26 (0.342) | −0.27 (0.045) | −0.22 (0.272) | −0.09 (0.214) | −0.29 (0.017) | −0.77 (0.009) | −0.75 (0.000) | −1.59 (0.008) | −0.28 (0.016) | −0.15 (0.557) | −0.44 (0.004) | −1.11 (0.000) | 0.39 (0.417) | 0.26 (0.102) |
Education level | 0.000 | −0.050 | −0.380 | −0.220 | −0.040 | 0.000 | −0.31 | 1.170 | 0.040 | −0.390 | −0.480 | 0.010 | −0.690 | 0.130 | 0.180 |
None | 0 (0.814) | 0.01 (0.533) | 0.01 (0.613) | 0.27 (0.454) | −0.1 (0.29) | −0.03 (0.55) | 0.03 (0.717) | −0.02 (0.424) | −0.25 (0.346) | 0.08 (0.229) | −0.87 (0.034) | −0.04 (0.449) | 0.08 (0.348) | −0.12 (0.574) | −0.05 (0.187) |
Primary | 0 (0.816) | 0.04 (0.705) | −0.05 (0.759) | 0.28 (0.293) | 0.02 (0.823) | −0.03 (0.884) | 0.24 (0.620) | 0.29 (0.456) | −0.16 (0.855) | 0 (0.974) | 0.16 (0.227) | −0.26 (0.419) | 0.26 (0.365) | 0.19 (0.58) | 0.2 (0.145) |
Secondary and above | 0 (0.899) | −0.1 (0.453) | −0.34 (0.581) | −0.77 (0.119) | 0.04 (0.344) | 0.06 (0.519) | −0.58 (0.318) | 0.9 (0.46) | 0.45 (0.278) | −0.47 (0.084) | 0.23 (0.262) | 0.31 (0.203) | −1.03 (0.041) | 0.06 (0.886) | 0.03 (0.849) |
Standard of living | 0.000 | 0.020 | 0.460 | 0.510 | 0.010 | −0.080 | 0.130 | 0.060 | −0.310 | 0.000 | −0.140 | 0.020 | −0.150 | 0.130 | −0.360 |
1st Quintile | 0 (0.985) | 0.01 (0.828) | −0.15 (0.115) | −0.52 (0.082) | −0.08 (0.483) | −0.15 (0.178) | 0.36 (0.281) | −0.12 (0.585) | −0.27 (0.608) | −0.03 (0.789) | 0.16 (0.37) | 0.17 (0.252) | −0.41 (0.091) | −0.16 (0.673) | −0.62 (0.086) |
2nd Quintile | 0 (0.822) | −0.07 (0.4) | −0.09 (0.383) | −0.34 (0.141) | 0.09 (0.443) | −0.1 (0.247) | −0.06 (0.742) | 0.04 (0.848) | −0.69 (0.098) | −0.08 (0.331) | 0.01 (0.941) | −0.02 (0.85) | −0.12 (0.511) | −0.04 (0.864) | −0.62 (0.065) |
3rd Quintile | 0 (0.818) | 0.03 (0.539) | 0 (0.974) | 0.16 (0.594) | 0 (0.952) | −0.03 (0.743) | −0.17 (0.396) | 0.27 (0.261) | 0.47 (0.135) | 0.13 (0.094) | 0.13 (0.388) | −0.06 (0.665) | −0.01 (0.98) | −0.02 (0.899) | −0.68 (0.057) |
4th Quintile | 0.000 (0.828) | 0.02 (0.634) | 0.27 (0.218) | 0.000 (0.999) | −0.01 (0.766) | 0.11 (0.165) | −0.01 (0.946) | 0.14 (0.571) | 0.18 (0.411) | 0.07 (0.524) | −0.02 (0.839) | −0.09 (0.427) | −0.28 (0.223) | 0.44 (0.425) | 0.72 (0.05) |
5th Quintile | 0.000 (0.842) | 0.03 (0.616) | 0.43 (0.133) | 1.21 (0.026) | 0.01 (0.762) | 0.09 (0.289) | 0.01 (0.980) | −0.27 (0.277) | 0 (0.998) | −0.09 (0.39) | −0.42 (0.107) | 0.02 (0.926) | 0.67 (0.011) | −0.09 (0.635) | 0.84 (0.055) |
Occupation type | 0.010 | −3.280 | 4.970 | 0.450 | 0.260 | 0.010 | 0.270 | 2.470 | 0.010 | −0.430 | −0.020 | 0.000 | 5.260 | 0.150 | |
Unemployed | 0 (0.849) | −0.61 (0.349) | - | 1.79 (0.035) | 0.06 (0.183) | −0.04 (0.518) | 0.04 (0.901) | −0.35 (0.368) | - | −0.08 (0.571) | 0.27 (0.319) | −0.07 (0.633) | −0.04 (0.937) | 1.23 (0.311) | −0.04 (0.71) |
Agricultural | 0.01 (0.814) | −0.72 (0.346) | - | 2.11 (0.037) | 0.44 (0.131) | 0.31 (0.339) | −0.23 (0.666) | 0.02 (0.944) | 1.59 (0.148) | −0.02 (0.898) | −0.29 (0.403) | −0.21 (0.554) | 0.07 (0.628) | 3.16 (0.365) | 0.19 (0.202) |
Domestic | - | 0.09 (0.346) | - | - | - | 0.02 (0.586) | - | −0.06 (0.176) | −0.06 (0.368) | −0.05 (0.143) | - | 0 (0.823) | - | −0.05 (0.342) | - |
Trade | 0 (0.818) | −0.26 (0.348) | - | 0.47 (0.052) | −0.03 (0.313) | 0.08 (0.077) | 0.24 (0.129) | 0.14 (0.227) | 0.61 (0.061) | 0.05 (0.427) | −0.19 (0.017) | 0.23 (0.042) | 0.07 (0.403) | 0.24 (0.439) | - |
Manual labor | 0 (0.813) | −1.36 (0.346) | - | 0 (0.999) | 0.03 (0.368) | −0.07 (0.57) | 0.04 (0.869) | 0.38 (0.309) | 0.53 (0.315) | 0.03 (0.861) | −0.15 (0.204) | 0.06 (0.76) | 0.04 (0.872) | 0.14 (0.527) | 0.06 (0.47) |
Office/service | 0 (0.815) | −0.21 (0.352) | - | 1 (0.025) | −0.01 (0.253) | −0.04 (0.092) | −0.12 (0.135) | −0.08 (0.228) | −0.19 (0.294) | 0.12 (0.029) | 0.05 (0.003) | 0.02 (0.736) | 0.01 (0.966) | 0.34 (0.38) | −0.06 (0.122) |
Professional/manager | 0 (0.819) | −0.21 (0.346) | - | −0.4 (0.015) | −0.04 (0.126) | 0 (0.851) | 0.04 (0.740) | 0.22 (0.059) | −0.01 (0.953) | −0.04 (0.435) | −0.12 (0.068) | −0.05 (0.32) | −0.15 (0.308) | 0.2 (0.43) | 0 (0.946) |
Marital status | 0.000 | −0.050 | −0.570 | 0.440 | 0.140 | 0.190 | 0.630 | 0.960 | −0.020 | −0.240 | −6.890 | 0.080 | 1.620 | −0.370 | −0.080 |
Never married | 0 (0.825) | 0.13 (0.465) | 0.25 (0.473) | 0.5 (0.532) | 0.02 (0.868) | 0.56 (0.095) | 2.18 (0.002) | 3.79 (0.000) | 0.25 (0.569) | 0.04 (0.851) | −2.7 (0.004) | 0.73 (0.175) | 2.6 (0.001) | 1.17 (0.389) | −0.01 (0.954) |
Married | 0 (0.821) | −0.17 (0.424) | −0.92 (0.015) | 0 (0.995) | 0.13 (0.401) | −0.36 (0.162) | −1.39 (0.036) | −2.68 (0.000) | −0.2 (0.885) | −0.3 (0.168) | −4.76 (0.001) | −0.62 (0.216) | −0.96 (0.001) | −1.51 (0.395) | −0.08 (0.614) |
Separated/divorced/widowed | 0 (0.885) | −0.01 (0.717) | 0.1 (0.091) | −0.06 (0.456) | −0.01 (0.272) | −0.01 (0.272) | −0.17 (0.009) | −0.15 (0.004) | −0.07 (0.46) | 0.02 (0.318) | 0.57 (0.001) | −0.03 (0.33) | −0.02 (0.631) | −0.03 (0.679) | 0.01 (0.674) |
Sexual behavioral factorsf | 0.030 | 0.200 | 0.200 | −0.640 | 0.440 | −0.490 | 1.47 | 1.320 | 0.960 | −0.650 | 0.330 | −0.120 | 0.490 | −2.550 | −0.190 |
Sexual behavior risk | 0.020 | 0.180 | −0.020 | −0.850 | 0.700 | −0.120 | −0.320 | 1.880 | −0.240 | −0.520 | −0.120 | −0.990 | 1.160 | 0.000 | −0.250 |
No | 0.02 (0.813) | 0.21 (0.436) | 0.08 (0.65) | −1.12 (0.183) | 0.72 (0.066) | −0.12 (0.858) | −0.36 (0.703) | 1.98 (0.081) | −0.3 (0.743) | −0.64 (0.019) | −0.15 (0.772) | −1.13 (0.1) | 1.4 (0.015) | 0 (0.99) | −0.36 (0.18) |
Yes | 0 (0.813) | −0.03 (0.436) | −0.1 (0.65) | 0.27 (0.183) | −0.02 (0.066) | 0 (0.858) | 0.04 (0.703) | −0.1 (0.081) | 0.06 (0.743) | 0.12 (0.019) | 0.03 (0.772) | 0.14 (0.1) | −0.24 (0.015) | 0 (0.99) | 0.11 (0.18) |
Premarital sex | 0.000 | 0.070 | 0.290 | −0.130 | 0.010 | 0.080 | −0.010 | 0.000 | −0.590 | −0.210 | 0.090 | −0.010 | −0.010 | −0.170 | −0.080 |
No | 0.000 (0.822) | −0.08 (0.419) | −0.06 (0.424) | 0.06 (0.801) | 0.01 (0.899) | 0.27 (0.086) | 0.01 (0.976) | −0.03 (0.927) | 0.58 (0.112) | 0.2 (0.08) | −0.07 (0.615) | 0.000 (0.979) | 0.01 (0.971) | 0.06 (0.712) | 0.05 (0.412) |
Yes | 0.000 (0.822) | 0.15 (0.419) | 0.35 (0.424) | −0.19 (0.801) | 0 (0.899) | −0.19 (0.086) | −0.02 (0.976) | 0.03 (0.927) | −1.17 (0.112) | −0.41 (0.08) | 0.16 (0.615) | −0.01 (0.979) | −0.02 (0.971) | −0.23 (0.712) | −0.13 (0.412) |
Multiple sex partners | −0.010 | −0.080 | −0.070 | 0.020 | −0.440 | 0.080 | 0.600 | 0.170 | −0.040 | 0.050 | 0.140 | 0.510 | 0.130 | 0.160 | 0.200 |
No | −0.01 (0.81) | −0.12 (0.53) | 0.46 (0.022) | 0.62 (0.136) | −0.46 (0.116) | 0.09 (0.756) | 0.96 (0.104) | 0.24 (0.69) | −0.07 (0.935) | 0.17 (0.308) | 0.3 (0.431) | 0.68 (0.15) | 0.27 (0.551) | 0.73 (0.422) | 0.35 (0.133) |
Yes | 0 (0.81) | 0.04 (0.53) | −0.53 (0.022) | −0.6 (0.136) | 0.02 (0.116) | −0.01 (0.756) | −0.36 (0.104) | −0.07 (0.69) | 0.03 (0.935) | −0.12 (0.308) | −0.16 (0.431) | −0.17 (0.15) | −0.14 (0.551) | −0.57 (0.422) | −0.15 (0.133) |
Age at first sex | 0.020 | 0.030 | 0.000 | 0.320 | 0.170 | −0.530 | 1.200 | −0.730 | 1.830 | 0.030 | 0.220 | 0.370 | −0.790 | −2.540 | −0.060 |
Never had sex | 0.09 (0.814) | −0.14 (0.412) | −0.03 (0.854) | −0.57 (0.327) | 0.16 (0.307) | −0.87 (0.068) | −1.17 (0.026) | −2.91 (0.001) | −0.31 (0.371) | −0.21 (0.45) | −0.41 (0.161) | −0.58 (0.169) | −1.49 (0.203) | 2.39 (0.347) | 0.09 (0.398) |
< 16 years | −0.01 (0.814) | 0.07 (0.387) | 0.31 (0.399) | −0.15 (0.704) | −0.02 (0.251) | 0.15 (0.101) | 0.76 (0.117) | 0.28 (0.029) | 0.89 (0.262) | 0.1 (0.342) | 0.1 (0.507) | 0.48 (0.126) | 0.27 (0.105) | −0.88 (0.347) | −0.03 (0.785) |
16–17 | −0.01 (0.815) | 0.05 (0.479) | −0.31 (0.138) | 0.17 (0.592) | −0.04 (0.142) | 0.07 (0.227) | 0.58 (0.073) | 0.35 (0.053) | 0.64 (0.358) | 0.19 (0.148) | 0.16 (0.343) | 0.14 (0.319) | −0.19 (0.324) | −1.53 (0.344) | −0.1 (0.222) |
18–19 | −0.02 (0.814) | 0.09 (0.404) | −0.14 (0.333) | 0.67 (0.119) | 0.03 (0.565) | 0.14 (0.111) | 0.35 (0.323) | 0.53 (0.03) | 0.34 (0.58) | −0.02 (0.89) | 0.3 (0.146) | 0.12 (0.464) | 0.55 (0.043) | −1.87 (0.351) | 0.01 (0.81) |
20 + | −0.03 (0.815) | −0.04 (0.586) | 0.17 (0.115) | 0.2 (0.512) | 0.04 (0.743) | −0.02 (0.863) | 0.68 (0.060) | 1.02 (0.014) | 0.27 (0.663) | −0.03 (0.778) | 0.07 (0.807) | 0.21 (0.361) | 0.07 (0.814) | −0.65 (0.389) | −0.03 (0.646) |
HIV⁄AIDS awareness | 0.010 | −0.030 | 0.070 | 0.570 | 0.010 | −0.020 | 0.130 | 0.120 | 0.130 | −0.010 | 0.040 | 0.030 | −0.040 | −0.030 | 0.090 |
Low | 0.000 (0.815) | 0.000 (0.961) | −0.07 (0.556) | −0.45 (0.048) | −0.05 (0.408) | −0.07 (0.551) | 0.24 (0.429) | −0.19 (0.445) | 0.92 (0.07) | −0.34 (0.014) | −0.15 (0.346) | 0.01 (0.94) | 0.01 (0.966) | 0.26 (0.477) | 0.96 (0.118) |
Average | 0 (0.819) | −0.07 (0.449) | 0.02 (0.923) | 1.34 (0.009) | 0.09 (0.229) | −0.01 (0.893) | 0.06 (0.816) | 0 (0.997) | −0.76 (0.064) | −0.11 (0.347) | 0.43 (0.085) | 0.15 (0.375) | −0.1 (0.732) | −0.52 (0.373) | 0.67 (0.049) |
High | 0.01 (0.814) | 0.04 (0.466) | 0.12 (0.58) | −0.32 (0.388) | −0.03 (0.716) | 0.06 (0.437) | −0.18 (0.314) | 0.31 (0.329) | −0.03 (0.931) | 0.44 (0.004) | −0.24 (0.242) | −0.13 (0.351) | 0.05 (0.794) | 0.23 (0.509) | −1.54 (0.061) |
Constant | 0.04 (0.812) | 3.68 (0.357) | 2.48 (0.018) | −2.78 (0.309) | 0.21 (0.541) | 1.19 (0.183) | 1.77 (0.242) | −0.3 (0.885) | 1.52 (0.585) | 3.09 (0.000) | 9.61 (0.001) | 2.4 (0.034) | 5.22 (0.000) | −2.19 (0.477) | 0.92 (0.126) |