Fig. 2
Predicted mean annual healthcare costs per patient by diagnosis group (2016–2018) in U.S. dollars (USD). Costs associated with out- and inpatient visits are presented in the USD value for 2018. Predicted costs were calculated from the transformed coefficient to USD cost value (x) = (exp2x−1)/(2expx). Costs were predicted using three-level multilevel linear regression with transform outcome and controlled for individual, household, and district covariates