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Table 4 Association of individual, household, and district level characteristics with inpatient healthcare costs related to the presence of CVDs with or without other chronic disease comorbidities

From: The impact of multimorbidity among adults with cardiovascular diseases on healthcare costs in Indonesia: a multilevel analysis

Variable

Inpatient costs

Model 1 a Coefficient (n = 114,918)

(95% CI)

Model 2 b Coefficient (n = 114,918)

(95% CI)

Model 3 c Coefficient (n = 114,918)

(95% CI)

Individual level

 Group

  (1) No CVDs, but with single chronic morbidity

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

  (2) No CVDs, but with multimorbidity

0.39***

(0.38, 0.40)

0.38***

(0.36, 0.39)

0.38***

(0.36, 0.39)

  (3) CVDs, but no comorbidity

0.18***

(0.17, 0.20)

0.18***

(0.16, 0.19)

0.18***

(0.16, 0.20)

  (4) CVDs and one comorbidity

0.35***

(0.33, 0.36)

0.33***

(0.31, 0.35)

0.33***

(0.31, 0.35)

  (5) CVDs and multimorbidity

0.64***

(0.62, 0.65)

0.62***

(0.60, 0.64)

0.62***

(0.61, 0.64)

Household type

      

 Non-subsidized

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

 Subsidized

-0.21***

(-0.23,-0.19)

-0.21***

(-0.23,-0,19)

-0.21***

(-0.23, -0.18)

Group*Household type

 (1)*Subsidized

      

 (2)*Subsidized

-0.08***

(-0.11, -0.05)

-0.08***

(-0.10, -0,05)

-0.07***

(-0.10, -0.05)

 (3)*Subsidized

-0.09***

(-0.12, -0.06)

-0.09***

(-0.12, -0.06)

-0.09***

(-0.13, -0.06)

 (4)*Subsidized

-0.12***

(-0.15, -0.08)

-0.12***

(-0.15, -0.08)

-0.12***

(-0.15, -0.08)

 (5)*Subsidized

-0.12***

(-0.15, -0.07)

-0.12***

(-0.15, -0.08)

-0.11***

(-0.15, -0.07)

Household level

 Proportions of household members with multimorbidity

-

-

0.03***

(0.02, 0.05)

0.04***

(0.03, 0.05)

 The mean number of household members

-

-

-0.01***

(-0.02,-0.04)

-0.01**

(-0.02, -0.003)

District level

 Proportion of primary care per 10,000

-

-

-

-

0.04***

(0.03, 0.05)

 Proportion of hospitals per 10,000

-

-

-

-

-0.01

(-0.04, 0.02)

 % of NHI members who utilized healthcare

-

-

-

-

-0.00

(-0.12, 0.11)

 Fiscal category

      

 Low

      

 Middle

-

-

-

-

-0.03***

(-0.05, -0.02)

 High

-

-

-

-

-0.07***

(-0.09, -0.06)

 Very high

-

-

-

-

-0.11***

(-0.13, -0.08)

 Intercept

6.70

(6.67, 6.73)

6.72

(6.68, 6.74)

6.72

(6.66, 6.78)

 District level’s variance

0.09

(0.09, 0.11)

0.09

(0.09, 0.11)

0.11

(0.10, 0.12)

 Household level’s variance

0.34

(0.33, 0.35)

0.34

(0.33, 0.35)

0.33

(0.33, 0.35)

 ICC (district level)

0.02

(0.01, 0.02)

0.02

(0.01, 0.02)

0.02

(0.02, 0.03)

 ICC (household level)

0.21

(0.19, 0.22)

0.21

(0.20, 0.22)

0.21

(0.20, 0.22)

 Likelihood ratio test (LR)

2,741.55

 

2,726.31

 

2,713.98

 
  1. All models adjusted with sex, age, marital status, type of primary healthcare centres registered, and regions
  2. a Model 1 Multilevel linear regression with transform outcome, cross-level between individual and controls for individual-level covariates
  3. b Model 2 Multilevel linear regression with transform outcome and controls for individual and household covariates
  4. c Model3 Multilevel linear regression with transform outcome and controls for individual, household, and district covariates
  5. Coefficient is transformed using an inversed hyperbolic sine transformation (sinh −1, IHS). To retransform β coefficient to U.S. dollar (USD) cost value (x) = (exp2x−1)/(2expx). P-value statistically significant at 1 percent (***), 5 percent (**) or 10 percent (*) of the confidence intervals
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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