Table 2 Multivariable logistic regression analysis of the effects of biopsychosocial factors on anxiety/depression symptoms (Daily/weekly/monthly versus a few times a year or never)

Age groups

18–25

Ref

Ref

26–34

0.49** (0.29, 0.82)

0.52* (0.30, 0.91)

35–49

0.52** (0.33, 0.81)

0.58* (0.34, 0.98)

50–64

0.91 (0.57, 1.45)

0.84 (0.49, 1.45)

65 and older

0.84 (0.52, 1.36)

0.70 (0.39, 1.26)

Sex

Male

Ref

Ref

Female

1.39** (1.10, 1.75)

1.39* (1.05, 1.84)

Sexual orientation

Heterosexual

Ref

Ref

Gay/Lesbian

2.39* (1.14, 5.01)

2.43* (1.02, 5.77)

Bisexual

3.60** (1.39, 9.32)

2.18 (0.70, 6.83)

Other/uncertain

1.64 (0.80, 3.37)

1.44 (0.63, 3.31)

Citizenship status

Citizen

Ref

Ref

Non-citizen

0.87 (0.68, 1.12)

0.97 (0.71, 1.34)

Race/ethnicity

Non-Hispanic White

Ref

Ref

Non-Hispanic Black/African American

0.64* (0.41, 0.99)

0.62 (0.38, 1.02)

Non-Hispanic Asian

0.61** (0.44, 0.85)

0.60** (0.42, 0.86)

Hispanic

0.74* (0.55, 0.99)

0.83 (0.57, 1.20)

Other/Multi-racial group

2.56** (1.28, 5.10)

2.64* (1.08, 6.42)

Level of education completed

Less than high school

Ref

Ref

High school diploma or GED

0.91 (0.63, 1.32)

0.95 (0.62, 1.45)

Some college/associate degree

1.31 (0.90, 1.91)

1.13 (0.72, 1.77)

Family income to poverty ratio

0.98 (0.94, 1.02)

1.00 (0.95, 1.05)

Health insurance status

Not insured

Ref

Ref

Insured

1.28 (0.89, 1.85)

0.79 (0.50, 1.24)

Marital status

Single/never married

Ref

Ref

Married

0.75 (0.56, 1.01)

0.95 (0.67, 1.36)

Divorced/Separated/Widowed

1.36 (0.95, 1.94)

1.20 (0.79, 1.82)

Acculturation/length of stay in the U.S.

Less than five years

Ref

Ref

Five years or more

1.32 (0.76, 2.29)

1.20 (0.65, 2.23)

Life satisfaction

0.65*** (0.61, 0.70)

0.67*** (0.63, 0.72)

Social/emotional support frequency

Never

Ref

Ref

Sometimes or rarely

2.65*** (1.60, 4.40)

2.39** (1.42, 4.04)

Always or usually

1.03 (0.62, 1.69)

1.18 (0.70, 1.98)

Healthcare utilization

Within the last three years or more/never used

Ref

Ref

Within the last two years

1.86 (0.99, 3.52)

2.05* (1.03, 4.07)

Within the past year

2.76*** (1.64, 4.67)

2.51** (1.39, 4.55)

BMI status

Healthy weight

Ref

Ref

Underweight

2.57* (1.23, 5.38)

1.92 (0.89, 4.18)

Overweight

0.95 (0.73, 1.24)

1.04 (0.75, 1.42)

Obese

1.08 (0.81, 1.45)

1.10 (0.79, 1.55)