From: Malnutrition in children under five years in a squatter settlement of Karachi: a case-control study
Case | Control | Odds Ratio OR | 95% Confidence Interval CI | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 1.45 | 0.907–2.325 | 0.060 | ||
Male | 79 | 66 | |||
Female | 61 | 74 | |||
Monthly household income | 3.164 | 1.41–7.06 | 0.002 | ||
< 25,000 PKR (<$84) | 131 | 115 | |||
≥ 25,000 PKR (≥$84) | 9 | 25 | |||
Migration | |||||
Settled in Karachi since < 15years | 93 | 80 | 1.484 | 0.9–2.41 | 0.055 |
Settled in Karachi ≥ 15years | 47 | 60 | |||
Mother’s Educational level | 1.84 | 1.1–2.97 | 0.0066 | ||
Illiterate | 91 | 70 | |||
Primary and above | 49 | 70 | |||
Father’s Educational level | Case | Control | 2.56 | 1.47–4.4 | 0.0004 |
Illiterate/Primary | 115 | 90 | |||
Secondary and above | 25 | 50 | |||
Mother’s Working status | Case | Control | 1.2 | 0.6–2.4 | 0.298 |
Working | 20 | 17 | |||
Housewife | 120 | 123 | |||
Father’s Employment status | Case | Control | 0.79 | 0.2-3.0 | 0.368 |
Jobless | 4 | 5 | |||
Employed | 136 | 135 | |||
Father’s job type | 1.78 | 0.1–2.86 | 0.0086 | ||
Daily Wage | 78 | 58 | |||
Temporary stable/ Permanent | 62 | 82 | |||
House hold Type | 1.03 | 0.6–1.6 | 0.45 | ||
Nuclear family | 48 | 47 | |||
Joint family | 92 | 93 | |||
Number of siblings | 1.68 | 0.99–2.8 | 0.025 | ||
3 or more | 106 | 91 | |||
2 or less | 34 | 49 | |||
No. of rooms | 2.1 | 1.13–4.1 | 0.02 | ||
2 or less | 123 | 108 | |||
3 or more | 17 | 32 | |||
Type of toilet | 4.46 | 2.7–7.34 | 0.0001 | ||
Pour/Pit latrine/open sewer | 96 | 46 | |||
Flush/VIP latrine | 44 | 94 |